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The Canadian Pacific Railway station in Portage la Prairie , built in , is noted for its imposing roofline, subdued Romanesque Revival styling and rare use of sandstone as a construction material. Unlike many other stations in the province, which are standardized wood-clad buildings, the Portage building was designed by Edward Colonna of Montreal, one of several accomplished architects engaged by the CPR in the period before the company began relying almost exclusively on in-house designers.
In the s, the building was part of the Manitoba Prairie Icons Program and it is a municipally designated historic site. This is a collection of historic sites in Manitoba compiled by the Manitoba Historical Society. At the 25 percent risk level or one-in-four-year occurrence Figure 15 , the geographic pattern is similar; however the values are approximately 50 GDD lower than average. The 10 percent risk map Figure 16 generally shows a further reduction of 50 GDD in all areas. The 10 percent risk map Figure 19 shows a further reduction of 50 GDD in all regions.
Corn is an important crop in Manitoba.
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As a result, the heat requirements for this crop have been studied in some detail. In central Canada, where the majority of corn is grown, studies have led to the development of the "corn heat unit. The basic concept of the corn heat unit calculation is similar to the degree-day system; that is, the rate of growth is assumed to increase with increasing temperatures.
However, day and night temperatures are treated separately. It is assumed that no growth occurs with night temperatures below 4. Most corn hybrids have been specifically rated for southern Manitoba. A listing of these hybrids can be found in publications such as the Field and Crop Recommendations for Manitoba. Corn hybrids grown for silage require 2, to 2, CHU annually, while the earliest grain corn hybrids require 2, to 2, CHU to reach physiological maturity. CHU were accumulated over the growing season May 15 to the date of occurrence of the first fall frost of The map of the average CHU accumulation Figure 20 shows that the best area for corn production is south of Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg, between the Manitoba escarpment and west of a line from Steinbach to Pinawa.
Rose, and south-western to central Manitoba, are viable locations for successful grain corn production with a hybrid rating of 2, CHU. Average CHU is lower in the Manitoba upland areas above the escarpment. In an average year, these areas are not suited for corn production, not even for silage. In other areas, a 2, CHU hybrid will not mature in one year out of four. Assessment of minimum CHU accumulation at a 10 percent risk level Figure 22 shows that most of the area east of the Manitoba escarpment, south of Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg, and west of Steinbach to Pinawa, will mature a 2, CHU rating hybrid to the grain stage nine out of 10 years.
As a result, the heat requirements for potatoes have been studied in some detail. Studies on the response of potatoes to temperature have lead to the development of the physiological day or P-day. Potatoes possess very specific heat requirements. From this information P-days can be calculated. The accumulation of heat useful to potatoes, P-days, was calculated from historical climatic data. It was assumed that potatoes were planted on the same date as wheat, thus historical wheat seeding dates from Statistics Canada were used.
P-days were calculated from those planting dates to the date of the first fall frost.
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In these calculations, daily data for the period to from 65 climatic weather stations in Manitoba were used. The highest average accumulation of P-days, to , occurs in the very southern part of the Red River Valley extending from south of Dominion City through to Altona and north-west of Morden. There is also a few smaller areas just to the east of and around Portage la Prairie, around Selkirk and around Great Falls Figure Most of the area to the south and east of a line from the southern end of Lake Manitoba to a point just to the west of Melita accumulates average annual P-days.
The remainder of the province has fewer than P-days. It is important to note that not all of the most southerly parts of the province have the highest P-day accumulations. For example, the area to the south and west of Melita does not have any more P-days than the area near Carberry, some distance to the north. In fact, it is elevation and not latitude that seems to be the most important factor influencing P-days. Going west from the Red River along the U. Both these areas are at a higher elevation than nearby areas.
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At these locations, the fall frosts occur earlier, putting an end to the growing season, the date on which P-day calculations are stopped. The effects of elevation can be seen even more dramatically in the Riding Mountain and Duck Mountain regions. These have much lower P-day accumulations than areas to the east. At the 25 percent risk level one-in-four year occurrence, Figure 24 only the area stretching from Dominion City through Altona to Morden and a small area around the city of Portage la Prairie receive P-days.
Otherwise, the relative distribution of P-days is the same as it was for the average. Most areas have about 65 fewer P-days at the 25 percent risk level than they have on average. The effects of elevation are again clearly illustrated. At the 10 percent risk level one-in-ten year occurrence, Figure 25 , again only the area stretching from Dominion City through Altona to Morden and a small area around the city of Portage la Prairie receive P-days.
Otherwise, the relative distribution of P-days is the same as it was for the 25 percent map. Most areas have about 60 fewer P-days at the 10 percent risk level than they have at the 25 percent risk level. While heat availability determines the probability that a crop will reach maturity in a region, heat and moisture availability establishes yield potential. Moisture availability is assessed using a "budgeting" approach.
Plant growth requires very large amounts of water.
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The amount of water that would be used, if supply were unlimited, is referred to as "growing season crop water demand". Daily crop water demand depends on weather, the crop type and its stage of development. Potential evapotranspiration PE is the maximum water use for a given set of weather conditions. Crop water demand depends upon two factors: PE and the fraction of ground area covered by leaves. For annual crops like wheat, leaf area varies with the stage of development. With perennial forage crops, like alfalfa, the ground is completely covered with actively growing leaves early in spring and remains covered throughout most of the growing season.
Therefore, crop water demand for perennial forage is approximately equal to PE. On average, this amounts to to mm 16 to 18 in. The growing season to a second cut of alfalfa is approximately April 15 to August A comparison of this map with that for water demand Figure 26 shows that, on average, growing season rain supplies only about half the water demand for perennial forage crops. Year-to-year variation in growing season precipitation is very large. The 25 percent risk values are about 50 mm 2 in. For example, in the Red River Valley, one year in four will have mm 6 in. Similarly, one year in four will have mm 10 in.
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Increasing cloudiness this evening then 60 percent chance of showers before morning. Low plus 3.
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Cloudy with 60 percent chance of showers in the morning then a mix of sun and cloud. High 8. UV index 2 or low. Low minus 4. Wind chill minus 7 overnight. Low minus 6. Low minus 7. A mix of sun and cloud with 30 percent chance of flurries. High plus 4. Low minus 5. Greatest precipitation 6. Average high Greatest precipitation Greatest precipitation 8.