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Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Add links. Spring Garden. On September 30, , about forty Mi'kmaq attacked six men who were in Dartmouth cutting trees. Four of them were killed on the spot, one was taken prisoner and one escaped. The attack was on the sawmill which was under the command of Major Gilman.

Six of his men had been sent to cut wood. Four were killed and one was carried off. The other escaped and gave the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the raiding party and cut off the heads of two Mi'kmaq and scalped one. The result of the raid, on October 2, , Cornwallis offered a bounty on the head of every Mi'kmaq. He set the amount at the same rate that the Mi'kmaq received from the French for British scalps. As well, to carry out this task, two companies of rangers raised, one led by Captain Francis Bartelo and the other by Captain William Clapham.

These two companies served alongside that of John Gorham's company.

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The three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Mi'kmaq. In July , the Mi'kmaq killed and scalped seven men who were at work in Dartmouth. The first of these was in July in the woods on peninsular Halifax, the Mi'kmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies. In August , people arrived on Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year. In October a group of about eight men went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped They took six captives, and the regulars who pursued the Mi'kmaq fell into an ambush in which they lost a sergeant killed.

The worst of these raids was the Dartmouth Massacre Three months after the previous raid, on May 13, , Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre". They destroyed the buildings. The British returned to Halifax with the scalp of one Mi'kmaw warrior, however, they reported that they killed six Mi'kmaw warriors. In , there were two attacks on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive , at a sawmill on a stream flowing out of Chocolate Lake.

They killed two men. In , when Lawrence became governor, the Mi'kmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm , where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps. Prominent Halifax business person Michael Francklin was captured by a Mi'kmaw raiding party in and held captive for three months. Halifax provided the base for the Siege of Louisbourg and operated as a major naval base for the remainder of the war.

In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both.

Pierre went on to participate in the Battle of Restigouche. By June , the settlers at Lawrencetown had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of Lawrencetown established because the number of Native raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses. A few days later, the same partisans also raided Fort Cumberland.

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In nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, in the spring of , there was another Mi'kmaq attack on Eastern Battery , in which five soldiers were killed. After the French conquered St. John's, Newfoundland in June , the success galvanized both the Acadians and Natives. They began gathering in large numbers at various points throughout the province and behaving in a confident and, according to the British, "insolent fashion".

Officials were especially alarmed when Natives concentrated close to the two principal towns in the province, Halifax and Lunenburg, where there were also large groups of Acadians. The government organized an expulsion of 1, people, shipping them to Boston. The government of Massachusetts refused the Acadians permission to land and sent them back to Halifax. The most famous event to take place at the Great Pontack Halifax was on May 24, , when James Wolfe , who was headquartered on Hollis Street, Halifax, threw a party at the Great Pontack prior to departing for the Siege of Louisbourg Wolfe and his men purchased 70 bottles of Madeira wine , 50 bottles of claret and 25 bottles of brandy.

By the end of the year the Sambro Island Lighthouse was constructed at the harbour entrance to develop the port city's merchant and naval shipping.

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A permanent navy base, the Halifax Naval Yard was established in For much of this period in the early 18th century, Nova Scotia was considered a frontier posting for the British military, given the proximity to the border with French territory and potential for conflict; the local environment was also very inhospitable and many early settlers were ill-suited for the colony's wilderness on the shores of Halifax Harbour.

The original settlers, who were often discharged soldiers and sailors, left the colony for established cities such as New York and Boston or the lush plantations of the Virginias and Carolinas. However, the new city did attract New England merchants exploiting the nearby fisheries and English merchants such as Joshua Maugher who profited greatly from both British military contracts and smuggling with the French at Louisbourg. With the addition of remaining territories of the colony of Acadia, the enlarged British colony of Nova Scotia was mostly depopulated, following the deportation of Acadian residents.

In addition, Britain was unwilling to allow its residents to emigrate, this being at the dawn of their Industrial Revolution , thus Nova Scotia invited settlement by "foreign Protestants ". The region, including its new capital of Halifax, saw a modest immigration boom comprising Germans , Dutch , New Englanders , residents of Martinique and many other areas.

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In addition to the surnames of many present-day residents of Halifax who are descended from these settlers, an enduring name in the city is the "Dutch Village Road", which led from the "Dutch Village", located in Fairview. Dutch here referring to the German "Deutsch" which sounded like "dutch" to Haligonian ears.

Lawrencetown was raided numerous times during the war and eventually had to be abandoned as a result For many decades Dartmouth remained largely rural, lacking direct transportation links to the growing military and commercial presence in Halifax, except for a dedicated ferry service. The former Halifax County was one of the five original counties of Nova Scotia created by an Order in Council in Halifax Harbour had served as a Royal Navy seasonal base from the founding of the city in , using temporary facilities and a careening beach on Georges Island.

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Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased in and the yard was officially commissioned in Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased by the Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax in and the Yard was officially commissioned in In Halifax became the summer base for the squadron which shifted to the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda for the remainder of the year. After agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five year period of war ended with the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony between the British and the Mi'kmaq.

Halifax's fortunes waxed and waned with the military needs of the empire. While it had quickly become the largest Royal Navy base on the Atlantic coast and had hosted large numbers of British army regulars, the complete destruction of Louisbourg in removed the threat of French attack. With peace in , the garrison and naval squadron was dramatically reduced. By the mids the town was feeling its first of many peacetime slumps. The American Revolutionary War was not at first uppermost in the minds of most residents of Halifax.

The government did not have enough money to pay for oil for the Sambro lighthouse. The militia was unable to maintain a guard, and was disbanded. Provisions were so scarce during the winter of that Quebec had to send flour to feed the town. While Halifax was remote from the troubles in the rest of the American colonies, martial law was declared in November to combat lawlessness. He brought with him officers, men, and over 4, loyalist refugees , and demanded housing and provisions for all.

This was merely the beginning of Halifax's role in the war. Throughout the conflict, and for a considerable time afterwards, thousands more refugees, often "in a destitute and helpless condition" [43] had arrived in Halifax or other ports in Nova Scotia. This would peak with the evacuation of New York, and continue until well after the formal conclusion of war in At the instigation of the newly arrived Loyalists who desired greater local control, Britain subdivided Nova Scotia in with the creation of the colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island ; this had the effect of considerably diluting Halifax's presence over the region.

During the American Revolution, Halifax became the staging point of many attacks on rebel-controlled areas in the Thirteen Colonies , and was the city to which British forces from Boston and New York were sent after the over-running of those cities. After the War, tens of thousands of United Empire Loyalists from the American colonies flooded Halifax, and many of their descendants still reside in the city today. Dartmouth continued to develop slowly.



In , at the end of the American Revolution, a group of Quakers from Nantucket arrived in Dartmouth to set up a whaling trade. They built homes, a Quaker meeting house, a wharf for their vessels and a factory to produce spermaceti candles and other products made from whale oil and carcasses. It was a profitable venture and the Quakers employed many local residents, but within ten years, around , the whalers moved their operation to Wales.