John's in , he found Norman , Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August , Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. John's, at the purported site of Gilbert's landing and proclamation. By , the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast.
John's "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country". Sometime after , the town of St. John's was established as a permanent community. The population grew slowly in the 17th century: St. John's was Newfoundland's largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.
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The town's first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in , when it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews , and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour.
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With only 23 men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications Fort William in around , but construction didn't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign When English reinforcements arrived in late , they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood.
The French attacked St. John's again in Siege of St. John's , and captured it in Battle of St. John's , devastating civilian structures with fire on each instance. John's to British forces under the command of Colonel William Amherst. In the late s Fort Amherst and Fort Waldegrave were built to defend the harbour entrance. There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America. As mentioned above, while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St. John's in the 16th century, they were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English-controlled coast.
As a result, the town of St. John's was not established as a 'permanent' community until after the s.
Augustine, Florida established by Spain in The United Irish Uprising began with rumours in April that as many as men took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen and rebelled against the British Army. The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland: population growth, beginnings of government, establishment of churches, reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal, salmon and Grand Banks fisheries.
John's population grew slowly. Although it was primarily a fishing station, it was also a garrison , a centre of government and a commercial hub. John's served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's on 12 December from his wireless station in Poldhu , Cornwall.
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John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June , departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden , Connemara , Ireland. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field now an urban and residential part of the city. The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December saw 99 military and civilian lives lost.
John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the s by the collapse of the northern cod fishery , which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about half of the province's economic output. As of , St. John's contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada. St John's was destroyed by major fires in , , , and , when each time a large part of the city was destroyed.
The most famous was the Great Fire of There were two citywide fires in "known jointly as 'The Great Fire of '. There was a further major fire in , which started at the shop of a cabinetmaker named Hamlin, located on George Street off Queen Street, when a glue pot boiled over. The fire spread along Water and Duckworth Streets destroying all of the buildings in its path aided by the large quantities of seal oil that were stored in the merchants' premises.
The fire was also aided by an attempt to blow up a house on Water Street which scattered burning embers across the city. The final major conflagration the nineteenth century began on the afternoon of July 8, atop Carter's Hill on Freshwater Road. Initially, the fire did not cause any widespread panic; however, a series of catastrophic coincidences caused the fire to spread and devour virtually all of the east end of the city, including much of its major commercial area, before being extinguished. John's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland.
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John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west. Coniferous trees such as black spruce , white spruce , and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation. The largest deciduous tree is white birch ; species of lesser stature include alder , cherry and mountain ash.
Of introduced tree species, sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common. Blue spruce , common horsechestnut , European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native species grown. Despite this maritime moderation, average January maximum temperatures are slightly lower in St. John's than in Kelowna , British Columbia , an inland city near the warmer air of the Pacific Kuroshio Current , demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada.
The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms and sometimes hurricanes travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation. Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest days [50] and windiest On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly millimetres or 6.
This winter precipitation maximum is unusual for humid continental climates, which typically have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum for example, most of the Midwestern U. Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms from the Northeastern U. In winter, two or more types of precipitation rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging approximately 3.
However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice perhaps briefly all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend well into the spring months March, April. The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain events called "silver thaws" , the worst of which paralyzed the city in April and April On January 17, , St. John's declared a state of emergency due to a snowstorm that brought an estimated 0.
John's—and hurricane force winds. The highest temperature ever recorded in St. John's was John's architecture has a distinct style from the rest of Canada, and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals.
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Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them. Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew.
The Great Fire of destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period. Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours, earning its downtown the nickname Jelly Bean Row. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.
To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail — West Zone". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A metre, storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area. As of the census, there are , inhabitants in St.
John's itself, , in the urban area and , in the St. There are 52, total private dwellings in St. John's with an occupancy rate of The median value of a private dwelling in St. John's has a median age of Children under 15 make up The city has an unemployment rate of 8.
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As of , approximately The largest visible minority group were Chinese Canadian 1. John's The information below is from the Canadian Census.
Predominantly Christian, the population of St. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. All major Christian sects showed a decline from to with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.
John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. John's and companies such as Chevron , Husky Energy , Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. The economy has grown quickly in recent years. In and , the metro area's gross domestic product GDP led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country, according to the Conference Board of Canada , recording growth of 6.
In May , the city's unemployment rate fell to 5. John's is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city. John's was ranked the best major city in Atlantic Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small business development. The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John's and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada.