Collingwood: Hospital preps for second wave. Timmins: Santa Claus parade cancelled. Deadly Homes: Long-term care failings during a pandemic.

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Doctors: Trump's blood oxygen level dropped twice recently. Quebec coroner's office to launch public inquest into Joyce Echaquan's death. Canadian facing fraud, conspiracy charges in U. Canadians looking to move to London despite rise in coronavirus cases in the U. Most-Watched false. Paint the Town Pink for breast cancer awareness. Sneak peek as Dream Lottery returns for fall. Off-duty officer runs plates on suspicious vehicle; individual alleged to be unlawfully at large. Egan et al. Most of these units are within the hospital grounds and counseling is the most common CAM treatment.

Other studies use location based data for regression analysis in: the Netherlands to predict alternative medical use by settlement characteristics, patient traits and perceptions towards CAM and CM; the United States to show that overall health professional shortage areas are related to chiropractic practice volume; and Arizona and Washington to establish relationships between the number of naturopaths per county and proximity to naturopathic medical school and population density [].

Using both regression and spatial autocorrelation cluster analysis, Sanders et al. They determined that privately funded offices cluster in central areas whereas publically funded clinics disperse more evenly across the study area. In Auckland, clinic location appears to be correlated with proximity to major roads and urban centers, socio economic status and ethnicity.

There is evidence that CAM office frequency is higher in regions of the Republic of Ireland where religious affiliation is less prevalent [7]. By also emphasizing location data, Williams showed that the spatial pattern of CAM offices behaves in a contagious and hierarchical manner with diffusion from larger urban areas in British Columbia and Ontario [8]. Through spatial autocorrelation analysis and, like Williams, with a methodology steeped in diffusion theory, Albert and Butar found that the licensing of naturopathic medicine occurs in a contagious fashion in the United States and Canada and therefore spatial proximity is important in predicting where new licenses will materialize at the state and province level, respectively [9].

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Albert reiterated that ND certification spreads in a contagious fashion, from licensed states to adjacent or proximal non-licensed states, and highlight New York and Colorado as key areas for continued diffusion in the United States once NDs become licensed in these jurisdictions [10]. Some of the highlights include the following. General nearest neighbor and nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering procedures show that CAM offices significantly cluster within four intermediate sized cities [11].

CAM displays a more even pattern across the urban rural continuum in Ontario in comparison to CM offices and certain CAM and CM specializing municipalities are associated with community well being indicators and urban density measures [12]. With the use of spatial autocorrelation analysis, location quotients and standard distance calculations, it is shown that acupuncture offices create a unique and highly polarized pattern in comparison to CAM in general and CM offices in the Toronto metropolitan area.

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These acupuncture office clusters occur primarily in neighborhoods with high proportions of people with Chinese and Southeast Asian ethnic origins [13]. Regression analysis results show the association between place specific criteria, such as urbanization, diverse markets and closeness to other CAM operations, with various types of CAM office frequency chiropractic, massage, holistic, acupuncture, naturopathic and homeopathic [15].

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The spatial distributions of acupuncture treatment locations throughout metropolitan Toronto were categorized in terms of visibility characteristics as measured by proximity to main roads and commercial land use and advertising tendencies as estimated by advertising budgets and the size of yellow page ads.

In contrast, other offices depend on an impeccable reputation, locate in low visibility areas, and pursue a more modest approach to advertising [16]. By analyzing office location data and survey information, evidence of an interesting paradox emerges; collectively many Naturopaths NDs locate in or near visible sites even though the majority of their patients would seek their expertise regardless of where they locate. Most patients of NDs indicate they put far more weight on quality of service than on spatial accessibility [17].

Spatial autocorrelation and nearest neighbor analyses reveal that most naturopaths are indeed proximate to significant clusters of Doctors of Medicine MDs , however survey data show that while greater integration with the CM sector is welcomed by naturopaths and their patients , this is not occurring to any great degree in practice.

A sample of 2, CAM functions was compiled that contain registered massage therapy which in some cases include osteopathy , chiropractic, acupuncture which may also include other forms of Traditional Chinese Medicine , naturopathic medicine and homeopathy. Marie, St. Catharines Niagara, Thunder Bay and Windsor. The address of each CAM function was recorded into a unique dataset. Two key data sources were used to build this database: Info Canada [21] and Yellow Pages Canada [22]. Info Canada uses telephone directories, annual reports and various governmental records to compile information and the company telephone verifies each case [21].

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There are four main objectives of this study: 1. To assess and compare the spatial properties of CAM locations in terms of single function, multifunction and high-density cluster function. To measure distances from points of demand to nearest single, multiple and high-density function locations. To compare CAM function type massage, chiropractic, acupuncture, naturopathic and homeopathic in relation to single, multiple and high-density function locations. To discuss these findings in terms of agglomeration economies implications.

Three key procedures carried out with ArcGIS helped satisfy the first three objectives: nearest neighbor analysis, a point density procedure and closest facilities analysis. The Nearest Neighbor Ratio NNR indicates if an observed pattern of points deviates from a theoretical expected random distribution sufficiently enough to be deemed significantly clustered or dispersed [26]. NNRs range from 0 completely clustered to greater than 2 extreme dispersion. The point density tool created density raster layers from the CAM function points. Each raster cell contains CAM functions per square kilometer.

Five classes were identified with the natural breaks Jenks method of classification. The mean distance travelled from randomly selected points, in each of the 14 aforementioned centers, was measured to closest CAM functions. The random selection of these demand points was as follows. The road network is made up of road segments that are joined at intersections. Agglomeration economies, whether localization or urbanization, are benefits that firms or organizations achieve by being close in space.

Localization economies accrue to similar firms doing similar things in close proximity and urbanization economies are advantages firms of any type gain by being in urban, particularly metropolitan, high-density areas. CAM operators offering services in high volume, central and highly visible locations urbanization advantages may benefit from increased sales in comparison to CAM operators in more peripheral locales.

The observed patterns of CAM function in light of agglomeration economies implications are presented in the discussion section. The HDCFCs are located in the central locations of downtowns or areas adjacent to downtowns, in the 14 cities of this study, and the formation of these concentrations undoubtedly relates to agglomeration advantage. The centrality of these locations not only provides strong visibility via traffic volume, but also accessibility through main public transit routes and other urbanization economies advantages.

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Localization economies are also strongly indicated. Moreover, the ability to exchange industry specific information with like-minded professionals in close proximity is a well-known explanation for high technology firm clusters and spatial closeness could in a similar way benefit CAM professionals with interest in exploring new medical therapies and procedures [28]. Three scenarios are possible. First, multiple CAM practitioners offering distinct services and choosing to share office space or at least be in the same building means that localization advantages in particular must be occurring.

This leads to an important realization: if a goal is to maximize the revenues of an entire CAM office and not just the individual health care providers within , then geographic proximity enhances the ability to share the pool of affluent clients. A patient might be encouraged to receive a chiropractic adjustment directly after a naturopathic consultation, for example. This would be like fast food establishments that routinely concentrate in space with direct competitors to benefit from urbanization economies advantages such as customer volume and visibility [29]. Of course, in terms of health care, three massage therapists at the same address might benefit from sharing office infrastructure as well.

Third, if the multifunction location occurs exclusively because a single CAM professional delivers several CAM services, the scale advantages are largely internal to the CAM operator and not just specifically external to an entire cluster of professionals , but still significant. Holding constant quality of care and reputation, CAM practitioners who render multiple functions may be more marketable and perhaps more profitable than those offering only one. For example, consider a chiropractor who also has proficiency in massage therapy and acupuncture.

There are two forms of single function CAM locations.

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Meet and Match gatherings are held the third Saturday of the month. Walton said they provide a safe and non-threatening venue for people to come out and have fun with other singles. Activities range from trivia nights to dancing to horse racing. For more on upcoming events, email sarniameetandmatch outlook. According to Statistics Canada about 16, adults are single in the area.