The city had a population of , in , making it Alberta's second-largest city and Canada's fifth-largest municipality. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City". By , Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day Fort Saskatchewan. By , after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now Rossdale , beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.
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The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers," and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver, British Columbia.
Incorporated as a town in with a population of and then as a city in with a population of 8,, [30] Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, During the early s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In , Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.
Just before World War I , the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72, in to less than 54, only two years later. On July 31, , a devastating F4 tornado hit the city and killed 27 people. In Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was Matthew McCauley , who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade later Chamber of Commerce and a municipal police service. In , City Council voted to create Edmonton Telephones Corporation to operate as an autonomous organization under a board of directors appointed by the city.
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Unions and radical organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, James East , elected in , followed by the first official Labour alderman, James Kinney , the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, Rice Sheppard and Joe Clarke.
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The City used Single Transferable Vote STV , a form of proportional representation, for elections from to , in which councillors were elected at large with ranked transferable votes. Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in , and a full majority from to , during the Great Depression. It is south of Alberta's geographic centre, which is near the Hamlet of Fort Assiniboine. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than Regina , Saskatoon and Winnipeg , [56] all of which are south of Edmonton.
The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was Summer lasts from late June until early September, and the humidity is seldom uncomfortably high. Winter lasts from November to March and varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's growing season is from May 9 to September 22; [57] [63] it averages frost-free days a year.
The winter of —12 was particularly warm; from December 22, , till March 20, , on 53 occasions Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0. Edmonton has a fairly dry climate. On average, it receives Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between and , [71] and eight since The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall ; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink.
As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure. Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area CMA , [83] which includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area. The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region have led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region.
Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities [89] or annex portions of its neighbours, [90] the city has not absorbed another municipality since the Town of Jasper Place joined Edmonton on August 17, , [91] and the city has not annexed land from any of its neighbours since January 1, The City of Edmonton announced in March its intent to annex square kilometres of land including the Edmonton International Airport from Leduc County.
Edmonton is divided into neighbourhoods [96] within 7 geographic sectors—a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before , [97] and six surrounding suburban sectors. Edmonton's Downtown is within the city's mature area or inner city. The mature area sector also contains the five former urban municipalities annexed by the city over its history: Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton Calder.
Century Park will eventually house up to 5, residents. The Edmonton City Centre Airport is being redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30, people called Blatchford , comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, renewable energy, district heating and cooling, and a major park. The population of the City of Edmonton according to its municipal census is ,, [10] a change of 8.
In the Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the City of Edmonton recorded a population of , living in , of its , total private dwellings, a change of With a land area of The municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.
In the Census, the City of Edmonton had a population of , living in , of its , total dwellings, a change of The average age of the city's population was It had a population of 1,, in the Census compared to its population of 1,, Its five-year population change of With a land area of 9, This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St.
According to the census, The census also reported that Edmonton religious affiliation []. Edmonton is home to members of a number of world religions. According to the Canadian Household Survey , Significant religious minorities include Muslims 4. Those belonging to smaller religions account for 0. Within Christianity, major denominations include the Roman Catholic Church In the s, the local Muslim community began organizing to build a mosque. In , Abdullah Yusuf Ali was present at the opening of the new Al-Rashid Mosque , which became the first mosque established in Canada and the third in North America.
Edmonton's Jewish community is represented by the Jewish Federation of Edmonton, operating the historic Edmonton Jewish Cemetery, purchased in The city contains six synagogues. Edmonton is also home to two of Alberta's five Unitarian Universalist congregations — the Unitarian Church of Edmonton [] and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation; [] the other three are located in Calgary , Lethbridge , and Red Deer.
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Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry. Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the s. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia. Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta U of A as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park.
During the s and s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening. Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and Canadian Commercial Bank [] would fail, and some regional offices were moved to other cities. The s saw a solidification of the economy, and Edmonton is now home to Canadian Western Bank , the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto.
Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature. Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert in British Columbia. Edmonton is home to several shopping malls and the largest mall in North America, West Edmonton Mall , which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world. Edmonton also has many big box shopping centres and power centres.
In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and Street, on Whyte Avenue and in the surrounding area. Near Oliver, Street is home to a significant number of retail stores. On the south side of the river, the University district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres, concert halls, and various live music venues. The centrepiece of the square builds a life-size bronze statue of Churchill, unveiled by Lady Soames on May 24, It is a copy of a statue by Oscar Nemon.
The Francis Winspear Centre for Music [] opened in after years of planning and fundraising. It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada, with five halls, each specializing in different kinds of productions.
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On the University of Alberta grounds is the 2,seat Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium , which had over a year of heavy renovations as part of the province's centennial celebrations. Both it and its southern twin in Calgary were constructed in for the province's golden jubilee and have hosted many concerts, musicals, and ballets. On the front of the building is a quote from Suetonius ' Life of Augustus : "He found a city built of brick — left it built of marble.
Edmonton was named cultural capital of Canada in Edmonton hosts several large festivals each year, contributing to its nickname, "Canada's Festival City". In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls.